A Person With Bpd And A Person With Schizophrenia Compare Symptoms
Posted February 22, 2012
My collaborator on today’s Being Patient post is Sid Prise, who was diagnosed with undifferentiated schizophrenia in 1997. To read more of Sid’s writing, visit www.smallaxebooks.com.
I learned the word “paranoid” from my 7th grade bully, Ashley, who was a master of doing hurtful things and pretending she didn’t do them. She’d pull her friends aside and whisper, giving me pointed looks and giggling. When I asked her the questions bullied girls ask – are you talking about me? Are you mad at me? – she’d say, “You’re so paranoid.” One day she left a dead mouse in my locker, and when I screamed, she began calling me Paranoid Mouse. For years, I thought of her when I thought of that word, and felt ashamed.
It wasn’t until I read the diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder that I saw the word used in a clinical, nonjudgmental context. Criterion nine in the DSM is “transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.” At the time, this criterion was overshadowed by the more urgent and distressing criteria – the frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, the eating disorder, the suicide attempts. I took note of the word “paranoid,” but I didn’t dissociate, so I didn’t give it much credence. I was more worried about whether the lover du jour was going to leave me.
Relationship Between Avh Intensity Avh Location And Anxiety
To characterize the relationship between different descriptive aspects of the AVH experience, PCA was performed on the responses to AVH questions obtained during the neuroimaging experiment. A total 21 participants reported hearing voices on 60 out of 111 runs. Therefore, 60 observations of responses to Questions 2 to 5 were collected. PCA was performed on these observations and 2 components were extracted. The first component captured AVH described as prevalent , loud , and distressing . The second component captured AVH perceived as coming from outside the head . The item loadings on each of these components are represented as word clouds in .
We tested whether AVH intensity was associated with anxiety by fitting the intensity model to the anxiety reports. Goodness-of-fit was compared with a reduced model that did not include the factor of intensity. The inclusion of intensity significantly improved goodness-of-fit =6.74, P=.009) and was such that higher intensity was associated with increased reported anxiety .
How Do Borderline Personality Disorder And Schizoaffective Disorder Compare
Borderline personality disorder and schizoaffective disorder each come with a fairly unique set of symptoms. However, both can contribute to depression and anxiety symptoms and affect the way you see yourself and others. Like many mental health issues, both of these conditions may strain your relationships in a way that makes you feel isolated.
Finally, both of these disorders can be difficult to diagnose and treat. However, in working with professionals, both can be effectively treated. There is no magic pill or perfect treatment plan, but if you consistently work with your therapist or doctor, you can find a way to better manage your mental health challenges.
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The Relationship Between Signal Detection And Avh
To investigate the relationship between signal detection outcome measures and AVH symptoms, we examined how participants response bias and perceptual sensitivity related to AVH symptom severity . We quantified participants biases towards reporting hearing a voice in noise using Signal Detection Theory to measure decision threshold c, also referred to as response bias. Response bias c represents the amount of voice evidence required to report that a voice was present. When c takes the value 0, participants are unbiased. Negative values correspond to a bias towards reporting voice, and positive values correspond to a bias towards reporting no voice. This measure is theoretically independent of task performance . We calculated bias c and sensitivity d as follows:
where Z is the standard z-score. Hit rate/false alarm rate here reflects the probability of reporting voice present when a voice was present/absent. The addition of 0.5 to hits , misses , false alarms , and correct rejections corresponded to a correction for the possibility of empty cells .
We aimed to assess the relationship between participants response bias , perceptual sensitivity , and their AVH symptom severity . Pearson correlations were conducted in R to assess the relationship between AVH symptom severity and both response bias and perceptual sensitivity.
Types Of Personality Disorders
Diagnosis of a personality disorder requires a mental health professional to evaluate long-term patterns of functioning and symptoms. Diagnosis is only applicable to individuals 18 or older. People under 18 are typically not diagnosed with personality disorders because their personalities are still developing. Some people with personality disorders may not recognize a problem. Also, a person may have more than one personality disorder. An estimated 9 percent of U.S. adults have at least one personality disorder.2
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Do You Have A Codependent Personality
Narcissistic personality disorder People have an inflated sense of self, a deep need for excessive attention and admiration, troubled relationships, and a lack of empathy for others.
Avoidant personality disorder People have feelings of inadequacy and are constantly afraid that others will criticize them, so they avoid situations and interactions with others.
Dependent personality disorder People have a strong need to be taken care of and have a fear of losing support from others.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder People are preoccupied with control and perfectionism and often neglect relationships in favor of orderliness.
Further Recommendations For Research
Although the prevalence, phenomenological characteristics and comorbidity of hallucinations were adequately addressed with our cross-sectional approach, even more accurate data on causality, the role of childhood adversities, the role of life stressors, and the role of dissociation can be obtained by means of prospective studies. In doing so, the interactions and associations between BPD, PTSD and dissociation in patients who develop hallucinations are of particular importance.
Further research might also focus on delusions in patients with BPD, which constitute yet another group of underexposed symptoms. In addition, the inverse relationship between emotional neglect and hallucinations deserves further attention. Finally, studies on treatment for hallucinations in patients with BPD are needed, to examine whether these patients can benefit from the same interventions as used in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, i.e., antipsychotics, cognitive-behavioral therapy, eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,.
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Assessing The Extent To Which Avh Were Perceived As Distressing And Persecutory
To categorize the subjective experience of AVH, we analyzed questionnaire-based measures of AVH at the state and trait level. We report descriptive statistics on responses to the in-scanner distress item , and responses to BAVQ-Persecutory and BAVQ-Benevolent subscales. Because these 2 subscales have differing ranges, scores were transformed to span a 110 range.
Schizophrenia Symptoms And Characteristics
The primary characteristics of schizophrenia are hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations refer to distortions of perception, including:
- Auditory hallucinations: such as hearing voices that are not there
- Visual hallucinations: such as seeing things that are not real
Delusions refer to false beliefs. For example, someone who believes they have been possessed or that the government has implanted a monitoring device in their brain is exhibiting delusions.
Other signs and symptoms of schizophrenia include:
- Disorganized speech
- Lack of motivation
- Difficulties processing information
Like schizotypal personality disorder, schizophrenia causes are often not concretely known. It appears that there is a genetic component to schizophrenia as it often runs in families. However, there are other causes of schizophrenia which may exist independent of a genetic predisposition or in addition to a genetic origin.
Other causes of schizophrenia include:
- Growing up in a stressful environment, including growing up in poverty
- Disruptions to brain function and chemistry before or after birth
- Exposure to viruses or nutritional deficits before birth
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Symptoms Of Borderline Personality Disorder
A borderline personality disorder is a mental disorder characterized by an inability to manage emotions and relationships. The symptoms of this illness include changing moods, difficulty maintaining personal relationships, impulsive behavior, and reckless disregard for safety. The patient may also experience paranoid thoughts and feel persistently empty or bored.
One of the main symptoms of Borderline personality disorder is impulsivity. Impulsivity is acting without thinking about the consequences first. Some individuals with this condition engage in self-destructive behavior such as drugs addiction and eating disorders. They may also engage in risky sexual activity or spend money excessively which can lead to financial problems.
A person with Borderline personality disorder may experience intense anger at those who are closest to them. This anger can be directed towards family members, friends, or even complete strangers. The person may also feel intense love and then hate for the same person. These intense emotions can be very difficult to manage and may lead to chaotic relationships.
Another common symptom of Borderline personality disorder is feeling empty or bored. This occurs when the person feels that their life has no purpose or meaning. They may feel like they are just going through the motions without any real sense of joy or happiness.
This emptiness can often lead to a state of depression.
Key Points: Schizotypal Personality Disorder Vs Schizophrenia
While it can be difficult at first to distinguish between schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia, there are several key ways to tell these disorders apart.
The primary differences between schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia include:
- Schizophrenia includes hallucinations and delusions. Schizotypal personality disorder does not.
- Schizotypal personality disorder often co-occurs with mood disorders. Schizophrenia rarely co-occurs with mood disorders.
- Treatment for schizotypal personality disorder may include the use of mood stabilizers in addition to antipsychotic medications.
- Therapy for schizotypal personality disorder usually focuses on social skills training.
Both schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia frequently co-occur with substance use disorders. If you or a loved one has a substance use disorder and a co-occurring disorder such as schizotypal personality disorder or schizophrenia, The Recovery Village can help. Ask how we can help you begin recovery today.
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What Is Panic Disorder The Symptoms And Causes And How To Get Treatment
Although one of the symptoms of BPD is anxiety, between 75 and 90 percent of people with BPD also meet criteria for at least one type of anxiety disorder, such as social anxiety disorder and panic disorder.
The difference between BPD and anxiety or panic disorders is the latter cause symptoms more frequently and for a greater period of time, for at least six months. Their anxiety is more pervasive and chronic than the anxiety that is related to BPD, Cullen says.
General Linear Model Voxel
First-Level Analysis
Functional neuroimaging data analyses was conducted using FSLs FEAT . General linear modeling was conducted to ascertain which voxels blood oxygenation leveldependent signal was associated with the experimental regressors of interest over the 3 non-rest functional runs. At the individual participant level, for each run, 3 event-related boxcar regressors were modeled that corresponded to timing of button presses for external voices, imagined voices, and AVH. Each regressor was convolved with a double gamma function to model the hemodynamic responses. See supplementary materials for details on nuisance regressors. Overall, 10 contrasts were computed at this first level to isolate activity related to each of the 3 event types. Notably, contrast 8 highlighted activity associated with periods of AVH relative to activity elicited by the perception of externally presented voices. Contrast 9 highlighted activity associated with periods of AVH while removing activity associated with imagining voices. Contrast 10 highlighted activity associated with periods of AVH while removing activity associated with both tasks.
Higher-Level Analyses
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Relationship Between Avh Symptom Severity Response Bias And Perceptual Sensitivity
We examined the relationship between AVH symptom severity and signal detection theory measures of response bias and perceptual sensitivity using 2 Pearsons correlations. These tested if symptom severity varied with differences in response bias and/or perceptual sensitivity.
The first correlation revealed greater AVH symptom severity was associated with a more liberal response bias =.65, P=.001, 95% CI ). In other words, participants with more severe AVH symptoms exhibited a stronger bias towards reporting voice present. In contrast, the second correlation indicated that AVH symptom severity was not significantly associated with perceptual sensitivity =.18, P=.443, 95% CI ).
Measure Of Social Cognition
Social cognition was indexed by ToM and assessed with the Norwegian version of the MASC . The test consists of a 15-min video showing four people that come together for dinner and can be considered an ecologically valid measure . The video is stopped 45 times for the test taker to answer a question about the thoughts, emotions or intentions of one of the characters using a multiple-choice format. The multiple-choice format is comprised of four answers where one is correct and three are wrong. The three error types are overmentalizing, reduced ToM and no ToM, where the two latter are types of undermentalizing. Overmentalizing means excessively attributing intentions or personal meaning, undermentalizing refers to a lack of functional concepts of mental state. Reduced ToM means that a person is capable of mentalizing, but does it incorrectly, whereas no ToM indicates lack of mentalizing ability. To ensure construct validity of overmentalizing answers, care was taken during test development to make sure that the complexity of the answer referred to the mental state of the character . Empirical support for the construct validity comes from previous studies that found associations between overmentalizing and positive symptoms . Data is presented in Table 2 and Figure 1, including standardized scores based on the mean and standard deviation of the HCs.
Table 2. Theory of mind in women with borderline personality disorder or schizophrenia, and in healthy women.
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What Can I Do To Manage My Symptoms
You can learn to manage your symptoms by looking after yourself. Selfcare is how you take care of your diet, sleep, exercise, daily routine, relationships and how you are feeling.
Lifestyle
Making small lifestyle changes can improve your wellbeing and can help your recovery.
Routine helps many people with their mental wellbeing. It will help to give a structure to your day and may give you a sense of purpose. This could be a simple routine such as eating at the same time each day, going to bed at the same time each day and buying food once per week.
Breathing exercises
Breathing exercises can help to calm you when you are feeling anxious. You will get the most benefit if you do them regularly, as part of your daily routine.
There is more information about breathing exercises in the further reading section at the bottom of this page.
Support groups
You could join a support group. A support group is where people come together to share information, experiences and give each other support.
You might be able to find a local group by searching online. Rethink Mental Illness have support groups in some areas. You can find out what is available in your area if you follow this link: www.rethink.org/about-us/our-support-groups. Or you can call the Rethink Mental Illness Advice Service on 0808 801 0525 for more information.
Recovery College
You might also find some of the following things helpful.
You can find more information about:
Schizophrenia And Schizotypal Personality Disorder Have A Lot In Common But Are Two Distinct Disorders With Many Differences
While most people may think of schizophrenia when they hear the word schizotypal, there are many differences between schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder.
Most people are at least somewhat familiar with schizophrenia and its symptoms of hallucinations and delusions. Far fewer are familiar with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizotypal personality disorder is characterized by disorganized thinking, severe anxiety, unfounded paranoia, odd beliefs, feelings of derealization and, in some cases, psychosis.
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What If I Am Not Happy With My Treatment
If you are not happy with your treatment you can:
- talk to your doctor about your treatment options,
- ask for a second opinion,
- get an advocate to help you speak to your doctor,
- contact Patient Advice and Liaison Service and see whether they can help, or
- make a complaint.
There is more information about these options below.
Treatment options
You should first speak to your doctor about your treatment. Explain why you are not happy with it. You could ask what other treatments you could try.
Tell your doctor if there is a type of treatment that you would like to try. Doctors should listen to your preference. If you are not given this treatment, ask your doctor to explain why it is not suitable for you.
Second opinion
A second opinion means that you would like a different doctor to give their opinion about what treatment you should have. You can also ask for a second opinion if you disagree with your diagnosis.
You dont have a right to a second opinion. But your doctor should listen to your reason for wanting a second opinion.
Advocacy
An advocate is independent from the NHS. They are free to use. They can be useful if you find it difficult to get your views heard. There are different types of advocates available.
Community advocates can support you to get a health professional to listen to your concerns. And help you to get the treatment that you would like. This type of service doesnt exist in all areas.
To search for services, you can try the following.
Treatment For Personality Disorders
Specific treatment for each personality disorder will be determined by your healthcare provider based on your age, overall health, and medical history.
Personality disorders are often hard to treat. They may need long-term attention to change the inappropriate behavior and thought patterns. Treatment may include:
-
Psychological treatment
People with personality disorders may need to try a number of therapists and types of therapies before they find a combination that works.
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